1. On the history of ancient Egypt, see Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra (New York: Random House, 2010); David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2006). On early connections, see Samuel Mark, From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes (Studies in Nautical Archaeology 4; College Station: Texas A&M University press, 1997). On chronology, Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton, eds., Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbuch der Orientalistik, erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten/Handbook of Oriental Studies, section 1: The Near and Middle East 83. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006).
2. LGG = Christian Leitz, ed., Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen (8 vols.; Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 110–116, 129; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2002–2003). See Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames & Hudson, 2003), 6. See also Dagmar Budde, “Epithets, Divine,” in The UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) (UCLA: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, 2011).
3. On the geography of ancient Egypt, see Stephen Quirke, Exploring Religion in Ancient Egypt (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2015), 12–23; A. Rosalie David, Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin, 2002), chapter 1; Donald B. Redford, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), vol. 2, 16–20.
4. See Lisa L. Giddy, Egyptian Oases: Baḥariya, Dakhla, Farafra and Kharga during Pharaonic Times (Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1987); Dionisius A. Agius, John P. Cooper, Athena Trakadas, and Chiara Zazzaro, eds., Navigated Spaces, Connected Places: Proceedings of Red Sea Project V Held at the University of Exeter, 16–19 September 2010 (British Foundation for the Study of Arabia Monographs 12; BAR International Series 2346; Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012); Pierre Tallet and El-Sayed Mahfouz, eds., The Red Sea in Pharaonic Times: Recent Discoveries along the Red Sea Coast; Proceedings of the Colloquium held in Cairo/Ayn Soukhna 11th–12th January 2009 (Bibliothèque d’étude 155; Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 2012).
5. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 106–108, s.v. “Hapy”; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, 466, and „Nile“ (543–551, esp. 550); Lexikon der Ägyptologie (henceforth LÄ) (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1975–), s.v. „Nil,“ „Nilgott,“ „Nilquelle.“
6. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 92–97, “Amun, Amun-Re,” 205–209 “Re”; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Amun and Amun-Re,” vol. 3, s.v. “Re and Re-Horakhty”; “Ra,” Iconography of Deities and Demons. See further Stephen Quirke, The Cult of Ra: Sun-Worship in Ancient Egypt (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001).
7. Osiris was worshiped from the Old Kingdom period on; the relationship between him and the deceased changed through time. On Osiris, see Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 118–123; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, 615–619; LÄ 4: 623–633. On the changing relationship between Osiris and the deceased, see Mark Smith, “Osiris and the Deceased in Ancient Egypt: Perspectives from Four Millennia,” Annuaire, École Pratique des Hautes Études: Ve section—sciences religieuses 121 (2012–2013): 88–101.
8. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 213–215, “Nekhbet”; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, 322–324, “Crowns”; LÄ 3: 811–813, “Kronen.”
9. Quirke, Exploring Religion, 19–23; Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 84–87, “Nome Deities”; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, 16–20, “Administration: Provincial Administration”; LÄ 2, s.v. “Gaue,” “Gauzeichen.”
10. Erik Hornung, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 228.
11. Quirke, Exploring Religion, 19–25. See also, more generally, Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (London: Thames & Hudson, 2012), esp. 403–410.
12. On Akhenaten, Aten, and the Amarna period, see Jacquelyn Williamson, Jacquelyn “Amarna Period,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Janne Arp, Die Nekropole als Figuration: zur Methodik der sozialen Interpretation der Felsfassadengräber von Amarna (Göttinger Orientforschungen 4, Reihe Ägypten 50; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012); Emily Teeter, Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 182–196; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 244–250. See further, e.g., James K. Hoffmeier, Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2015); Erik Hornung, Akhenaten and the Religion of Light, translated by David Lorton (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999). On monotheism/henotheism, see Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, s.v. “Monotheism.”
13. See, e.g., Jan Assmann, From Akhenaten to Moses: Ancient Egypt and Religious Change (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014); Jan Assmann, Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism (George L. Mosse Series in Modern European Cultural and Intellectual History; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008). For a discussion of various approaches, see Nanno Marinatos, “The Debate over Egyptian Monotheism: Richard H. Wilkinson’s Perspective,” in Pearce Paul Creasman, ed., Archaeological Research in the Valley of the Kings and Ancient Thebes: Papers Presented in Honor of Richard H. Wilkinson (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, 2013), 173–179; Anne Koch Anne and Bernd U. Schipper, “Echnatons ‘Monotheismus’: Rezeptionen in den Wissenschaften,” in Christian Tietze, ed., Amarna: Lebensräume—Lebensbilder—Weltbilder (Potsdam: Arcus-Verlag, 2008), 276–287; Rolf Krauss, “Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist?,” Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 11 (2000): 93–101.
14. John Baines, “Presenting and Discussing Deities in New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period Egypt,“ in Beate Pongratz-Leisten, ed., Reconsidering the Concept of Revolutionary Monotheism (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011), 41–89.
15. Manfred Görg, Religionen in der Umwelt des Alten Testaments III: Ägyptische Religion; Wurzeln—Wege—Wirkungen (Studienbücher Theologie 4.3; Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2007), 25–27; Wengrow, Archaeology of Early Egypt, 56–59.
16. Görg, Religionen, 27–37; Richard H. Wilkinson, Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1999), 225–228 (for early representations of deities); Hornung, Conceptions of God, 100–109.
17. Wilkinson, Symbol and Magic, 241–278.
18. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 34–40. In the Ptolemaic period, a star and other signs were added to the corpus.
19. Görg, Religionen, 34–51.
20. On Egyptian myths and mythological texts, see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 112–118, 135–142; Roland Enmarch, “Theodicy,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, “Mythological Texts,” “Myths”; Marshall Clagett, Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book; Volume One: Knowledge and Order (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989).
21. On creation myths in general, see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 141–143; Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 16–19; David, Religion and Magic, chap. 3; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, 469–472, “Myths.” See further Susanne Bickel, La cosmogonie égyptienne avant le Nouvel Empire (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 134; Freiburg: Éditions Universitaires, 1994); James P. Allen, Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts (Yale Egyptological Studies 2: New Haven, CT: Yale Egyptological Seminar, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1988). On the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, see Brett McClain, “Cosmogony (Late to Ptolemaic and Roman Periods).” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
22. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Nun”; LÄ 4, s.v. “Nun.”
23. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 78–79, “Enneads”; LÄ 4, s.v. “Neunheit.”
24. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 77–78, “Ogdoads”; LÄ 1, s.v. “Achtheit”; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. “Thoth.” In later traditions it was Thoth who created himself, the Ogdoad being his souls.
25. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. “Ptah.” See further Boyo G. Ockinga, “The Memphite Theology: Its Purpose and Date,” In Alexandra Woods, Ann McFarlane, and Susanne Binder, eds., Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati 2 (Cairo: Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, 2010), 99–117; Jan Assmann, “Rezeption und Auslegung in Ägypten: Das ‘Denkmal memphitischer Theologie’ als Auslegung der heliopolitanischen Kosmogonie,” in Reinhard Gregor Kratz and Thomas Krüger, eds., Rezeption und Auslegung im Alten Testament und in seinem Umfeld: ein Symposium aus Anlass des 60. Geburtstags von Odil Hannes Steck (Freiburg: Presses Universitaires, 1997), 125–139.
26. See above on creation myths in general; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, 470.
27. Nadine Guilhou, “Myth of the Heavenly Cow,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Erik Hornung, Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh: eine Aetiologie des Unvollkommenen (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 46; Freiburg: Presses Universitaires, 1997).
28. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 227–230; LÄ 1, s.v. “Dat.”
29. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 162–165; LÄ 6, s.v. “Weltbild,” “Weltende.”
30. On Maat, see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 150–151; Emily Teeter, The Presentation of Maat: Ritual and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 57; Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1997); Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Maat”; LÄ 3, s.v. “Maat”; Jan Assmann, Ma’at: Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Ägypten (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1990). See further Maulana Karenga, Maat: The Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt, a Study in Classical African Ethics (New York: Routledge, 2004); Miriam Lichtheim, Maat in Egyptian Autobiographies and Related Studies (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 120; Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992).
31. On magic, see Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 161–181; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Magic”; LÄ 3, s.v. “Magie.” See also Kerry Muhlestein, “Execration Ritual,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
32. In general, see Hornung, Conceptions of God. Monographs on specific deities are, e.g., Terence DuQuesne, The Jackal Divinities of Egypt, 1: From the Archaic Period to Dynasty X (Oxfordshire Communications in Egyptology 6; London: Darengo, 2005); Olaf E. Kaper, The Egyptian God Tutu: A Study of the Sphinx-god and Master of Demons with a Corpus of Monuments (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 119; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003); Herman te Velde, Seth, God of Confusion: A Study of his Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion (Probleme der Ägyptologie 6;. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1967).
33. Quirke, Exploring Religion, 27–37; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 33–65.
34. E.g., Thomas Schneider, “Sur l’étymologie de nčr “dieu: à propos d'une interprétation récente,” Studi di Egittologia e di Antichità Puniche 12 (1993): 77–86.
35. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Ba“; LÄ 1, s.v. “B”; J. F. Borghouts, “Divine Intervention in Ancient Egypt and its Manifestation (bAw),” In R. J. Demarée and Jac J. Janssen, eds., Gleanings from Deir el-Medîna (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1982), 1–70; Louis V. Žabkar, A Study of the Ba Concept in Ancient Egyptian Texts (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 34; Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1968), for Amun see 129–130.
36. E.g., Jíří Janák, “Akh,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Akh“; LÄ 1, s.v. „Ach.“
37. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Ka“; LÄ 3, s.v. “Ka,” LÄ 5, s.v. “Sechem.”
38. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 20–23; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 143–196.
39. LÄ 5, s.v. “Stadtgott.”
40. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 128–135, 166–172, 197–206.
41. On names and epithets in general see Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Epithets,” vol. 2, s.v. “Names.”
42. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 36–39; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 66–99.
43. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 56, 118–121, 127. See also Erik Hornung, Das Buch der Anbetung des Re im Westen (Sonnenlitanei): nach den Versionen des Neuen Reiches (2 vols.; Aegyptiaca Helvetica 2–3; Geneva, Switzerland: Éditions des Belles-Lettres, 1975–1976).
44. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 221–223, “Apophis,” 236–241, “Aten.”
45. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 66–88.
46. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Astronomy”; Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 90–91, “Star Deities,” 241, “Moon”; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 80; IDD “Khonsu” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_khonsu.pdf; IDD „Constellations (Egypt)“ and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_constellations_egypt.pdf.
47. E.g., Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 33–35; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 91–99.
48. Aidan Dodson, “Rituals Related to Animal Cults,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 91–92; LÄ, s.v. „Tierkult.“ See further Martin Fitzenreiter, Tierkulte im pharaonischen Ägypten und im Kulturvergleich: Beiträge eines Workshops am 7.6. und 8.6 (Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie 4; Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2002).
49. On Egyptian kingship in general see Katja Goebs, “Kingship,” Toby Wilkinson, ed., The Egyptian World (London and New York: Routledge, 2007), 275–295; Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 54–63; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Kingship“; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 191–196; LÄ 3, s.v. “König,” “König-Gott-Verhältnis,” “Königsberofung,” “Königsideologie.”
50. O. Kaelin, “Ein vorderasiatisches Ideen-Cluster zur frühen Inszenierung des ägyptischen Herrschers,” in K. S. Schmidt, ed., Gedenkschrift für Mark A. Brandes (1929–2011) (AOAT 423; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2015), 127–148.
51. Wilkinson, Symbol and Magic, 183–229.
52. Wilkinson, Symbol and Magic, 230–260, 274–279.
53. On Old Kingdom kingship, see Miroslav Bárta, “Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom,” In Jane A. Hill, Philip Jones, and Antonio J. Morales, eds., Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2013), 257–283; Dagmar Stockfisch, Untersuchungen zum Totenkult des ägyptischen Königs im Alten Reich: die Dekoration der königlichen Totenkultanlagen (Antiquitates: Archäologische Forschungsergebnisse 25; Hamburg: Kovač, 2003).
54. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. „Valley oft he Kings“; LÄ 3, s.v. „Königsgräbertal.“ See also http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/.
55. E.g., Stefanie Schröder, Millionenjahrhaus: zur Konzeption des Raumes der Ewigkeit im konstellativen Königtum in Sprache, Architektur und Theologie (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010); Susanna Constanze Heinz, Die Feldzugsdarstellungen des Neuen Reiches: eine Bildanalyse (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 18; Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 17; Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001)
56. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. “Tombs,” 425–433; LÄ 3, s.v. „Königsgrab.“
57. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 64–67; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 230–237.
58. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Montu, vol. 3, s.v. “Seth.”
59. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 72–79.
60. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 79–91.
61. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 146–148, 230–231.
62. In general, Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 26–31; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 100–142.
63. O. Kaelin, “Deities vs. Demons in Mesopotamia. Iconography of Deities and Demons.”
64. Wilkinson, Symbol and Magic, 262–264. For Min and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_min.pdf.
65. E.g., Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Insignia.“
66. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 92–135; Dagmar Budde, “Child Deities,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Alexandra von Lieven, “Deified Humans,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
67. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 136–169.
68. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 170–235; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, 512–513.
69. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 26–28; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 109–125. See also Erik Hornung, “Komposite Gottheiten in der ägyptischen Ikonographie,” in Christoph Uehlinger, ed., Images as Media: Sources for the Cultural History of the Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1st Millenium BCE (Fribourg: University Press, 2000).
70. See, e.g., Rita Lucarelli, “Demons (Benevolent and Malevolent),” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Henry G. Fischer, “The Ancient Egyptian Attitude towards the Monstrous,” in Ann E. Farkas, Prudence O. Harper, and Evelyn B. Harrison, eds., Monsters and Demons in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Papers Presented in Honor of Edith Porada (Mainz: von Zabern, 1987), 13–26.
71. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 236–241.
72. Hornung, Conceptions of God, 125–135.
73. Quirke, Exploring Religion, 94–97.
74. On interactions between gods and men, see Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 76–118; Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 42–51; Hornung, Conceptions of God, 197–236.
75. On temples, see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 80–88; Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 39–55. See also David A. Warburton, Architecture, Power, and Religion: Hatshepsut, Amun and Karnak in Context (Beiträge zur Archäologie 7; Vienna and Berlin: LIT, 2012); Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames & Hudson, 2000).
76. LÄ 5, 791–804, s.v. “See, hlg.”
77. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 36–37; LÄ 6, s.v. “Tempelbesitz.”
78. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 41–45; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. “Sculpture,” esp. 242–246.
79. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. „Opening oft he Mouth.“
80. On cult statues see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 88–91; Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 53–55; Gay Robins, “Cult Statues in Ancient Egypt,” in Neal H. Walls, ed., Cult Image and Divine Representation in the Ancient Near East (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2005), 1–12. On the lists details on statues see Sylvie Cauville, “Les statues cultuelles de Dendera d’après les inscriptions pariétales,” Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 87 (1987): 73–117.
81. On the daily ritual see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 91–92; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. „Offerings.“
82. On priests see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 92–94; Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 16–38; LÄ 6, 387–407, “Tempelpersonal I & II.”
83. On festivals see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 97–106; Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 56–75; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Festivals”; LÄ 2, 171–191, “Feste.” On festivals in the Ptolemaic in Roman periods see Filip Coppens, “Temple Festivals of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1). On oracles, Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Oracles”; Alexandra von Lieven, “Divination in Ägypten,” Altorientalische Forschungen 26.1 (1999): 77–126.
84. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 58–66.
85. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 66–73; LÄ 6, 187–189, “Talfest.”
86. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 73–75; LÄ 1, 201–203, “Amenophis I.”
87. LÄ 5, 782–789, “Sedfest.” See further Erik Hornung and Elisabeth Staehelin, Neue Studien zum Sedfest (Aegyptiaca Helvetica 20; Basel: Schwabe, 2006).
88. John Darnell, “Opet Festival,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); LÄ 4, s.v. „Opetfest.“
89. On the terminology see Michela Luiselli, “Personal Piety (modern theories related to),” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1). See also Maria Michela Luiselli, Die Suche nach Gottesnähe: Untersuchungen zur persönlichen Frömmigkeit in Ägypten von der 1. Zwischenzeit bis zum Ende des Neuen Reiches (Ägypten und Altes Testament 73; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011); Kasia M. Szpakowska, Daily life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
90. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 60, 77–87. On the “counter-temples” see Rudolf Jaggi, “Gegenkapellen in der Thebaïs,” 3 (2002): 57–64.
91. Geraldine Pinch and Elizabeth A. Waraksa, “Votive Practices,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 87–92; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Amulets.“ See also Günter Vittman, “Personal Names: Function and Significance,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
92. E.g., Anna Stevens, “Domestic Religious Practices,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
93. Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 92–101; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. “Sculpture,” esp. 235–242, s.v. “Stelae.”
94. Wengrow, Archaeology of Early Egypt, 72–98, quoting p. 83.
95. Mark Smith, “Osiris and the Deceased,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Judgment of the Dead.“
96. On Egyptian afterlife, see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 230–237; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Afterlife.“ On death see Jan Assmann, Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, translated by David Lorton (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
97. On funerary rites and the dead see Harold Hays, “Funerary Rituals (Pharaonic Period),” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Teeter, Religion and Ritual, 119–160. On the development of the tombs and its provisioning see Quirke, Exploring Religion, 201–230; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Funerary Ritual,” vol. 3, s.v. “Tombs.” For the Ptolemaic and Roman periods see Christina Riggs, “Funerary Rituals (Ptolemaic and Roman Periods),” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); LÄ 6, s.v. “Totenkult, Totenglauben.”
98. A. Rosalie David, ed., Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science (Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 11–17; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. „Mummification.“
99. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Canopic Jars and Chests.“
100. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Coffin, Sarcophagi, and Cartonnages,“ “Masks” (346–348).
101. Alexandra Verbovsek, “Als Gunsterweis des Königs in den Tempel gegeben-- ” : private Tempelstatuen des Alten und Mittleren Reiches (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004).
102. T. Wilkinson, Egyptian World, 401–471; Stefan Pfeiffer, “Egypt and Greece before Alexander,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. „Mediterraenean Area.“
103. Christiane Zivie-Coche, “Foreign Deities in Egypt,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
104. Kaelin, “Ein vorderasiatisches Ideen-Cluster,” 127–148.
105. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 105 (Dedwen); Thomas Schneider, “Wer war der Gott ‘Chajtau’?,” in Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz and Janusz A. Ostrowski, eds., Les civilisations du bassin Méditerranéen: hommages à Joachim Śliwa (Cracow: Université Jagaellonne, Institut d’Archéologie, 2000), 215–220.
106. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 101–102, “Baal,” 126–127, “Reshep,” 137, “Anat,” 138–139, “Astarte”; IDD “Anat” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_anat.pdf; “Astarte” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_astarte.pdf; “Baal” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_baal.pdf; “Resheph” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_resheph.pdf; “Yam” and http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_illustrations_yam.pdf.
107. Oskar Kaelin, “Modell Ägypten”: Adoption von Innovationen im Mesopotamien des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 26; Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006).
108. Paolo Matthiae, “Pouvoir et prestige: Images égyptiennes pour le panthéon et la royauté paléosyrienne,” in R. Stucky et al., eds., Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 2014 Basel (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016); Susan Tower Hollis, “Hathor and Isis in Byblos in the Second and First Millennia BCE,” Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 1.2 (2009): 1–8; Béatrice Teissier, Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 11; Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1995).
109. Othmar Keel, The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms, translated by Timothy J. Hallett (New York: Seabury, 1978), 178–230 (various examples).
110. E.g., Eric Gubel, Eric „Multicultural and Multimedial Aspects of Early Phoenician Art, c. 1200–675 BCE,“ in Christoph Uehlinger, ed., Images as Media: Sources for the Cultural History of the Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1st millenium BCE (Fribourg: University Press, 2000), 185–214.
111. Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 2, s.v. “Nubia,” vol. 3, 460–461, “Twenty-fifth Dynasty.”
112. E.g., Oskar Kaelin, „Pazuzu, Lamaschtu-Reliefs und Horus-Stelen: Ägypten als Modell im 1. Jt. v. Chr,“ in Susanne Bickel et al., eds., Bilder als Quellen/Images as Sources: Studies on Ancient Near Eastern Artefacts and the Bible Inspired by the Work of Othmar Keel (Fribourg: University Press, 2007), 365–378; Eric Gubel, „Das libyerzeitliche Ägypten und die Anfänge der phönizischen Ikonographie,“ In Manfred Görg and Günther Hölbl, eds., Ägypten und der östliche Mittelmeerraum im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: Akten des Interdisziplinären Symposions am Institut für Ägyptologie der Universität München 25.-27.10.1996 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000), 69–100.
113. E.g., David Frankfurter, “Religion in Society: Graeco-Roman,” In Alan B. Lloyd, ed., A Companion to Ancient Egypt (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2010), vol. 1, 527–546; David Frankfurter, Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses, 242–243; Redford, Oxford Encyclopedia, vol. 1, 190, “Isis,” vol. 2, 618–619, “Osiris”; LÄ 6, s.v. “Verehrung ägyptischer Götter im Ausland.”
114. Saphinaz-Amal Naguib, “Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic Christianity,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1).
115. E.g., Adolf Erman, A Handbook of Egyptian Religion, translated by A. S. Griffith (London: Constable, 1907); Hermann Kees, Der Götterglaube im alten Ägypten (2d ed.; Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1956); Jaroslav Černý, Ancient Egyptian Religion (London: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1957).
116. For a general overview, see Hornung, Conceptions of God, 15–32.
117. E.g., Hornung, Conceptions of God (German original, 1972). Other works by Hornung are cited throughout this entry.
118. Assmann, From Akhenaten to Moses; Jan Assmann, Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination, translated by David Henry Wilson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Jan Assmann, The Price of Monotheism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008); Assmann, Of God and Gods.
119. David, Religion and Magic; Teeter, Religion and Ritual.
120. Quirke, Exploring Religion, 4–12, 25–27.
121. James P. Allen, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Writings from the Ancient World 23; Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005).
122. See, e.g., Mark Smith, “Democratization of the Afterlife,” UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1); Harold M. Hays, “The Death of the Democratisation of the Afterlife,” in Nigel Strudwick and Helen Strudwick, eds., Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC (Oxford: Oxbow, 2011), 115–130.
123. Raymond O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts (Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1973–1978).
124. See, e.g., David Warburton, The Egyptian Amduat: The Book of the Hidden Chamber, edited by Erik Hornung and Theodor Abt (Zurich: Living Human Heritage, 2007).
125. See, e.g., Erik Hornung and Theodor Abt, The Egyptian Book of Gates (Zurich: Living Human Heritage, 2014); Erik Hornung, The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, translated by David Lorton (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
126. On the Greco-Roman period, e.g., Colleen Manassa, The Late Egyptian Underworld: Sarcophagi and Related Texts from the Nectanebid Period, Part 1, Sarcophagi and Texts; Part 2, Plates (Ägypten und Altes Testament 72; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007); Burkhard Backes and Jacco Dieleman, eds., Liturgical Texts for Osiris and the Deceased in Late Period and Greco-Roman Egypt/Liturgische Texte für Osiris und Verstorbene im spätzeitlichen Ägypten: Proceedings of the Colloquiums at New York (ISAW), 6 May 2011, and Freudenstadt, 18–21 July 2012 (Studien zur spätägyptischen Religion 14; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015). For the important temples see,on Dendera, Sylvie Cauville, Dendara—le pronaos du temple d’Hathor: analyse de la décoration, with photographs by Alain Lecler (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 221; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2013); Sylvie Cauville, Dendara XV: traduction. Le pronaos du temple d’Hathor: plafond et parois extérieures (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 213; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2012), as well as earlier volumes of the Dendera series. On Edfu see Dieter Kurth, Edfou VI: Die Inschriften des Tempels von Edfu: Abteilung I Übersetzungen 3 (Gladbeck: PeWe, 2014), as well as earlier volumes of the Edfou series. For various other aspects see the volumes of the series Studien zur spätägyptischen Religion (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz).
127. On the image programs in temples, see Hosam Refai, Untersuchungen zum Bildprogramm der grossen Säulensäle in den thebanischen Tempeln des Neuen Reiches (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 91; Beiträge zur Ägyptologie 18; Vienna: Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie, 2000). For the tombs in the Valley of the Kings, see Reeves and Wilkinson Complete Valley of the Kings, 33–37; Erik Hornung, The Tomb of Pharaoh Seti I, with photographs by Henry Burton (Zürich, Switzerland: Artemis, 1991). On royal mortuary temples in the Old Kingdom see Stockfisch, Untersuchunger der Totenkult, and in the New Kingdom, Schröder, Millionenjarhaus.
